The Influence of Sharing Economy for Sustainability - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1569 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/08/02 Category Biology Essay Level High school Topics: Sustainability Essay Did you like this example? Abstract With the development of economy, the sharing economy, an emerging economic model, has drawn increasing attention of both the public and government. In order to explore the influence of the sharing economy for sustainability, the survey via questionnaires were conducted in April, 2018 among professors about their attitudes and opinions towards sharing economy and social, economic and environmental sustainability. The 250 questionnaires have been answered, but only 246 are valid. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Influence of Sharing Economy for Sustainability" essay for you Create order According to the results of the survey, the sharing economy promotes human development, lets cost-saving and optimizes resources allocation, decreases emission and saves energy. Their worries are mainly due to imperfect operation and management mode of sharing economy and think sharing economy will case a waste of resources. In the future, the sharing economy should strive to improve the management mode and give full play to its positive role in sustainability. Key words: sharing economy; sustainability; questionnaires; social sustainability; economic sustainability; environmental sustainability; Introduction There is rapidly growing interest in the nature and impacts of the sharing economy amongst entrepreneurs, innovators, incumbent businesses, policy-makers, media commenters and academic researchers alike (chris,2015). In 2011, Times listed the sharing economy as one of the top ten ideas that will change the world. In the academia, sharing economy also caused a heated (Wu 2016, Zhi 2016). As the term of Sustainable Development was put forward by World Commission on Environment and Development in the report named Our Common Future (Brundtland, 1987), it attracted attention wildly. There are three types of sustainability, namely, social sustainability, economic sustainability and environmental sustainability (Wu 2016? Zhi 2016). In this paper, I will discuss what impact will the sharing economy takes to sustainability, included social, economic and environmental. From the perspective of social sustainability, scholars concluded that sharing economy will promote human development (Hancock , 2001), safety and effectiveness (Feeney et al., 2015; Lee et al., 2008) as well as offering more jobs (Fang et al., 2015) while others suggested that regulations are necessary to confront with potential problems (Harding et al., 2015; Schechner, 2016; Sun, 2015). From the perspective of economic sustainability, scholars deemed that although being cost-saving (Shaheen et al., 2007; Bonsall, 1981; Porter et al., 2011; Zhao J, 2015), shared economy may face problems like monopoly and collusion (Matzler et al., 2015; Qiang et al., 2016; Zervas, 2015). From the perspective of environmental sustainability, studies show that sharing economy will benefit environment by optimizing resources allocation (Hamari et al., 2015), decreasing emission and saving energy (Kriston et al., 2010; Belk, 2014; Martin et al., 2011; Jeremy Rifkin, 2015; Leismann et al., 2013) while also releasing pressure in other ways due to its easy accessibility (Schor, 2014; Yuliya Voytenko et al., 2015). Materials and Methods Participants A standard questionnaire was mailed to a randomly sample of 250 persons in April, 2018, which was responded by 241 (96.4%). Among the 250 respondents, all of them are professors and 156(64.7%) are male and female 35.3%. All of them are 40 to 70 years and have profound knowledge, so the results are credible. Procedure Questionnaires designed for anonymous response comprised of 9 questions. These questions can be divided into five parts with regard to their purposes: Q1 and Q2 gauged the common knowledge about sharing economy and sustainability and both of them are closed questions. The answer included four grades from high to low, which are know a lot, general understanding, know a little and never know. Q3 and Q4 want to learn the situation of the sharing economy around people so bicycle sharing, the most common case of sharing economy, is as the object of investigation. Both of them also are closed questions and their answer is also four grades for respondents to choose. Q5, Q6 and Q7 are open questions and they were designed to investigate the experts the influence of sharing economy for social, economic and environmental sustainability. I asked that the answers of Q5, Q6 and Q7 can not be less than twenty words. Q8 is a separate questions and it is also an open question. The purpose was to find out the disadvantages of sharing economy. Q8 and Q7 are similar but the purpose of Q8 was attempt to ascertain which sustainability is conducive to t he sharing economy. Results Table 1 shows that there are more people in the last options of Q1 (63.8%) and more people in the first options of Q2 (66.7%), so people know more clearly sharing economy than sustainability. Table 2 shows that although most people (96.7%) use sharing cycle, the future of sharing economy is contentious. This means the sharing economy still has problem unsolved so someone isnt satisfied with it. Table 1 QuestionKnow a lotGeneral understandingKnow a littleNever know Knowledge of sustainability(Q1)53(21.5%)36(14.6%)75(30.5%)82(33.3%) Knowledge of sharing economy(Q2)79(32.1%)85(34.6%)33(13.4%)49(19.9%) Table 2 Question Everyday Often Sometimes Never Usage of sharing bicycle(Q3)37(15.0%)92(37.4%)109(44.3%)8(3.3%) Optimistic Neutral Controversial Negative Future of sharing bicycle(Q4)84(34.1%)56(22.8%)67(27.2%)39(15.9%) According to table 3 ,sharing economy promotes social sustainable development in many ways. From the perspective of entrepreneurship, Schaltegger et al. stressed that shared economy does not only devote to the sustainability of itself but also to social sustainability (2011). Martin et al. (2011) and Bin Fang et al. Q6 shows sharing economy is believed as sustainable consumption (Albinsson et al., 2012; Gansky,2010), which is beneficial to decreasing the search cost and transaction cost (Nadler, 2014). Q8 shows that Sharing economy is expected to be highly ecologically sustainable (Prothero et al., 2011; Sacks, 2011) and highlights the resource-saving potentials of shared economy. Table 3 Question The influence of sharing economy for social sustainability(Q5)Sharing economy will promote human development, safety and effectiveness as well as offering more jobs while others suggested that regulations are necessary to confront with potential problems The influence of sharing economy for economic sustainability(Q6)Although being cost-saving, shared economy may face problems like monopoly and collusion The influence of sharing economy for environmental sustainability(Q7)Sharing economy will benefit environment by optimizing resources allocation, decreasing emission and saving energy while also releasing pressure in other ways due to its easy accessibility Table 4 shows problems remained to be settled down within regulations, included economic problems and environmental problems. From the table 5, we can learn that environmental sustainability is conducive to the sharing economy. Table 4 Question Disadvantages of sharing economy(Q8)Sharing economy may face problems like monopoly and collusion Table 5 Question Social sustainabilityEconomic sustainabilityEnvironmental sustainability Which sustainability is conducive to the sharing economy(Q9)75(30.5%)62(25.2%)109(44.3%) Discussion The purpose of this paper is to find out the relation of sharing economy and sustainability and what is the impact of sharing economy on sustainability. This paper discussed the influence of sharing economy on sustainability. From the perspective of social aspect, positive influences included improving employment, safety and effectiveness while problems remained to be settled down within regulations. From the perspective of economic aspect, sharing economy is cost-saving and innovative for yielding economic benefits while confronting with the issues like instability on supply and demand sides, collusion and monopoly. From the perspective of environmental sustainability, sharing economy helps allocate resources and decreases the emission of green-house gases. Considering the availability, it may cause more frequent uses, which is negative to the environment. Overall, there are three suggestions, Firstly, as presented above, sharing economy influences sustainability both optimistically and pessimistically. Therefore an effective design for regulation is needed. Secondly, future research is supposed to fill the gap of international-compared as well as empirical work in terms of the impact of shared economy on sustainability. Thirdly, in the banking sector, we should give preferential treatment to sharing economy entrepreneurs, such as tax and loan. The government can promote the development of sharing economy artificially. Reference [1] Chris J. Martin. The sharing economy: A pathway to sustainability or a nightmarish form of neoliberal capitalism? 2015, 7(11). [2] Kriston A, Szabà ­? T, Inzelt G. The marriage of car sharing and hydrogen economy: A possible solution to the main problems of urban living[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2010, 35(35):12697-12708. [3] Bà ¶ckmann M. The Shared Economy: It is time to start caring about sharing; value creating factors in the shared economy[J]. University of Twente, Faculty of Management and Governance, 2013. [4] Soota S. Taxi! Taxi!: The Impact of E-hailing Apps on the Singapore Taxi Industry[J]. 2016. [5] Chan J W Y, Chang V L N, Lau W K, et al. Taxi App Market Analysis in Hong Kong[J]. 2016. [6] Sloboda M. Uber in Bratislava[J]. [7] Charoen D. GRABTAXI: A Taxi Revolution in Thailand[J]. 2015. [8] Rayle L, Shaheen S, Chan N, et al. App-Based, On-Demand Ride Services: Comparing Taxi and Ridesourcing Trips and User Characteristics in San Francisco University of California Transportation Center (UCTC)[R]. UCTC-FR-2014-08, 2014. [9] Li Y, Xia T, Duan H. The Impact on Taxi Industry of Taxi-Calling Mobile Apps in Shanghai[C] //Transportation Research Board 93rd Annual Meeting. 2014 (14-3867). [10] Report T B. Our Common Future,(The Brundtland Report)[J]. 1987. [11] Hancock T. People, partnerships and human progress: building community capital[J]. Health Promotion International, 2001, 16(3): 275-280. [12] Feeney M, companies Uber R. Is Ridesharing Safe?[J]. Cato Policy Analysis, 2015, 767: 2. [13] Lee W C, Cheng B W. Incorporating e-technology to advantage in a greener taxi industry and its impact on driving performance and safety[J]. Transportation Planning and Technology, 2008, 31(5): 569-588. [14] Fang B, Ye Q, Law R. Effect of sharing economy on tourism industry employment[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2015. [15] Harding S, Kandlikar M, Gulati S. Taxi apps, regulation, and the market for taxi journeys[J]. 2015. [16] Schechner, Sam. Technology: Uber Gears Up for French Trial Car-hailing apps top brass will face six charges in an emblematic battle. Wall Street Journal, Eastern edition [New York, N.Y] 11 Feb 2016: B.4. [17] Sun Y. Ubers Bumpy Ride in China[J]. 2015. [20] Shaheen S A, Cohen A P. Worldwide Carsharing Growth: An International Comparison[J]. Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2008, 1992(458718).

Common Themes of Edgar Allan Poe - 3152 Words

An Analysis of the Common Themes Found in selected works of Edgar Allan Poe A Research Presented to The faculty of the English Department In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in English IV By March 2010 Acknowledgement The researcher would like to thank the following people who help and give guidance to make this project To the Project adviser and the home room adviser of the researchers, who gave his outmost patience and time to check the drafts and format of each part of this very momentous research. To the peers of the researchers that gave courage and support in pursuing in making this research. To the family of each researcher, In particular to their mother, father and siblings for their moral†¦show more content†¦2. The researchers conclude that any failures that you have been experienced in life can lead you to the success you do not expect. The following recommendations are forwarded on the bases form the study: Further research is recommending to the following areas that are not part of it, such as the successes and failures of Edgar Allan Poe as a writer and as well as how his works differ from the works of others writers pursue the same genre. This study also recommends further researches recommended focusing not only to biography of Edgar Allan Poe. Instead it should focus on his writings. The researches also recommend to researchers also recommend to search for references that are accountable in particular to Edgar Allan Poe. This study also recommends using other methods in explaining to the topic and expository to thoroughly in information TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Title Page†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.....i Acknowledgement†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...ii Dedication†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....iii Abstract†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦........................................iv Table of Contents†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.v CHAPTER I. 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Nursing Assignment Safe and Quality Practice

Question: Discuss about the case study Nursing Assignment for Safe and Quality Practice. Answer: Introduction It is important for nurses to think about continual improvement while delivering their services in order to ensure safe and quality practice that can ensure best possible outcomes for patients. The Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia has laid down seven standards for registered nurses that emphasize the provision of good practices. When evidence based practice is followed by nurses it combines the clinical expertise of a nurse with the recent, valid and updated research findings. Through critical reflection a practice nurse can build upon current strengths and take appropriate action in future. A nurse can endeavour to provide better patient care by using the NMBA standards as a guide and incorporating the use of evidence based practice and critical reflective thinking.(Professional-standards). The nurse is expected to discharge duties in a culturally unbiased manner. As a thinking professional, a nurse critically reflects upon past actions to analyse how the service could have been delivered better. While remaining aware of all legislations, rules and regulations, it is the duty of a nurse to tread an ethical path. The registered nurse is expected to engage in forging contacts with patients and colleagues within the legal framework so as to achieve best health outcomes for the patients. A nurse is expected to engage in lifelong learning and take responsibility for the procedures carried out in a patient-centric manner. A nurse remains informed and has the expertise to assess the availability of resources, so that planning of service can be done. A nurse is able to quickly identify and cater to the nursing needs of patients. Identification and reporting of risks associated with procedures and being able to alert the system so that the delivery of standard practice is not be low par is ensured by a registered nurse. It is the duty of a nurse to document and communicate the priorities and goals with colleagues and patients as per the requirement in a given situation. (Professional-standards.aspx, 2016). Evidence based practice incorporates the newly acquired ideas and findings from research into clinical practice. It is important for the nursing staff to remain aware of the latest findings published in nursing journals and put the advancements and improvements into practice so that better patients outcomes are achieved and better quality of service is ensured (Stevens, 2013). Evidence based practice requires that a closer working relationship be maintained between the researchers and clinicians. It makes individualisation of care possible which in turn becomes more effective. It helps the nursing staff to remain abreast with the latest technological advances and to be better able to advantage of newly learnt knowledge (Youngblut Brooten, 2001). Evidence based practise is now considered central to the profession of nursing, with the Joanna Briggs Institute working solely to bring research into nursing practice. (Pearson, Field, Jordan, 2009). Critical reflective thinking is a method of self-critiquing one's practice in a methodical manner. It helps a nurse to look back upon the care given and consider the pros and cons of the care given to a patient. The technique of analysing one's actions leads to better awareness about oneself and subject one's own actions to self-evaluation. (Dube Ducharme, 2015). There are cases when a care giver has done well at providing service and cases when the care giving has been below one's own levels of satisfaction. A nurse knows through instinct and is able to differentiate between the two. It is this ability to discern the quality of care provided that can be analysed further. The technique of self-evaluation can be put to practice and identification of what could have been a better approach can be made. When translated into action during another case of care-giving to another patient, the exercise of critical reflection turns into a technique of improving the quality of care provided. W hen does continuously the activity improves the quality of nursing care by several fold. A continuous graph of learning, developing and growth can thus evolve and improve the nursing professionals attitude towards work. Conclusion Providing better care to patients is a constant endeavour for those in the field of practising nursing care. The standards laid out by NMBA are detailed and cover several aspects of how to improve the quality of nursing care delivered to patients. Ensuring best practice by nurses is also possible through following evidence based practice, where the nurses combine their expertise and experience with the incorporation of the latest research in the field and incorporate the latest knowledge and technology in the delivery of care to the patients. This ensures a high quality of updated service provision for the patient. Critical reflection is another method through which nurses can constantly watch and think back about their own clinical experiences and analyse how to deliver better quality care. References Critical-Reflection.pdf. (2015). Retrieved from https://www.fons.org: https://www.fons.org/resources/documents/Creating-Caring-Cultures/Critical-Reflection.pdf Dube, V., Ducharme, F. (2015). Nursing reflective practice: An empirical literature. Journal of Nursing Education and Practice, 91-99. Pearson, A., Field, J., Jordan, Z. (2009). Evidence-Based Clinical Practice in Nursing and Health Care: Assimilating Research, Experience and Expertise. John Wiley Sons. Professional-standards. (n.d.). /Professional-standards. Retrieved from https://www.nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au: https://www.nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au/Codes-Guidelines-Statements/Professional-standards.aspx Professional-standards.aspx. (2016). Retrieved July 30, 2016, from https://www.nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au/Codes-Guidelines-Statements/Professional-standards.aspx Stevens, K. R. (2013). The Impact of Evidence-Based Practice in Nursing and the Next Big Ideas. The Online ?Journal of Issues in Nursing, 18(2). Youngblut, J., Brooten, D. (2001). Evidence-based nursing practice: why is it important? AACN Clinical Issues, 12(4), 468-76.

When A Person Commits An Act Of Euthanasia, He/she Brings About The De

When a person commits an act of euthanasia, he/she brings about the death of another person because he/she believes that the latter's present existence is so bad that he/she would be better off dead. The word euthanasia originated from the Greek language: eu means"good" and thanatos means "death". The meaning of euthanasia is "the intentional termination of life by another at the explicit request of the person who dies" (Religious Tolerance). However, euthanasia has many different meanings, which tends to create confusion. It is important to differentiate between the various terms used in discussing euthanasia. Passive Euthanasia refers to removing some form of life support which allows nature to take its course. Forms of life support include: removing life support machines, stopping medical procedures and medications, stopping food and water, or not delivering cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Active Euthanasia refers to causing the death of a person through a direct action, in response to a request from the person. Physician Assisted Suicide refers to a physician supplying information and/or the means of committing suicide to a person, so that he/she can easily end his/her own life. This may also be referred to as voluntary passive euthanasia. Involuntary Euthanasia refers to the killing of a person in opposition to their wishes. It is basically a form of murder (Religious Tolerance, 2-3). Euthanasia has been accepted both legally and morally during the times of ancient societies. For example, the Romans and the Greeks both believed that "dying decently and rationally mattered immensely" (Hamel, 20). The Greeks and Romans were sympathetic to active voluntary euthanasia provided that the acts were done for the right reasons, such as, to end the suffering of a terminal illness. As a result "of this moral acceptance of active voluntary euthanasia under certain circumstances, Greek and Roman physicians typically did not feel that they had to prolong human life" (Hamel, 19). The Greeks and Romans believed that it was important to die a "good death", which refers to a clear and calm psychological state of mind (Hamel, 16). Therefore, "it was the physicians role to support the patient in the dying process and to help ensure for him or her a good death" (Hamel, 20). According to ancient societies, euthanasia was an approved custom. But, "with the rise of organized religion, euthanasia became morally and ethically abhorrent" (Microsoft). The religions of Christians and Jews both hold human life sacred and consider any form of euthanasia as an act of murder. "According to Jewish law, a dying man is regarded as a living person in all respects. Active euthanasia is considered murder" (Kohl, 6). To Christians, "only God had the right to give and take life, active euthanasia was viewed as an illicit exercise of divine prerogative" (Hamel, 20). According to traditional Christian beliefs documented by Thomas Aquinas, all forms of suicide and/or euthanasia were condemned for the following reasons: "1) it violates one's natural desire to live, 2) it harms other people, 3) life is the gift of God and is thus only to be taken by God" (Religious Tolerance, 3). But despite strong religious beliefs, euthanasia tends to "occur in all societies, including those in which it is held immoral" (Microsoft). The issue of euthanasia has been a hotly debated topic of various religious and political groups. The main question posed by each group is whether or not a person should be given the option to request assistance in dying. Advocates of voluntary euthanasia contend that if a person is: 1) suffering from a terminal illness, 2)unlikely to benefit from the discovery of a cure for that illness, 3) suffering intolerable pain as a result of the illness 4) has an enduring and rational wish to die, and 5) unable to commit suicide without assistance, then there should be legal and medical provision to enable him/her to be allowed or assisted to die (Overberg). Ultimately, euthanasia is a question of choice, empowering people to have control over their own bodies. But, the choice is only to be given to an elite group of terminally ill, dying patients. Another growing debate is the legalization of active voluntary euthanasia and assisted suicide. Organizations supporting the legalization of voluntary euthanasia were established in Britain in 1935 and the Unites States in 1938. They have gained some support, but so far neither nation has achieved its goal. In the last few decades, Western laws against passive and voluntary euthanasia have slowly been eased, although serious moral and legal questions still remain (Overberg, 117 - 119). Legislators are manly concerned with what is called the "slippery slope" issue. "Slippery slope" is a term used to describe what

Rohypnol essays

Rohypnol essays To inform people about Rohypnol Topic: Rohypnol (date rape drug/roofies) Its strange how someone can be having a great time one minute and the next, be fighting for their life. Well, numerous teenage girls have been in this situation. Some are fortunate to have another shot and fight in order to go back to the life they knew before that dreadful minute, and others remain forever lost in those sixty seconds. According to the website www.faculty.washington.edu accessed on October 24, 2004, Ellen Kuwana, a Neuroscience for Kids Staff Writer, stated that Rohypnol, is a drug that depresses the central nervous system and is also used as a sleeping aid. Although illegal in the U.S., Ellen Kuwana states that Rohypnol is made in Europe and Latin America and is distributed throughout the world. Rohypnol is a serious problem affecting todays youth all around the globe. Today I will discuss what Rohypnol (the date rape drug) is as well as its different uses. Second, I will tell you about who uses Rohypnol, how, and why there has been an increase in the teen use of t his substance. Finally, I will share with you what happens as well as what the side effects are of using this potent drug. O Lets shift over to my first point. I. Rohypnol (the date rape drug) is a drug and has several different uses. A. The manufacturers of Rohypnol and what it is made for. 1. According to the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administrations website accessed on October 24, 2004, Rohypnol is made by Hoffman-La Roche, Inc., which is a large Pharmaceutical company. 2. This drug demoralizes the central nervous system. 3. This drug is colorless, odorless, and flavorless. B. The different uses of Rohypnol. 1. It is also used in combination with other drugs such as heroin, and cocaine to make he effect of the drug even more powerful. 2. Rohypnol is used as an aid for insomnia. It also allows individuals taking i ...

Confucian dynamism Essays

Confucian dynamism Essays Confucian dynamism Paper Confucian dynamism Paper In my essay I will hope to discover the true essence of Guanxi. What it means. Where it came from and how crucial it really is when conducting business in China. My aim is to bring together the views and opinions of a cross section of people and interpret them into my own understanding. After analysing the topic in question I will go on to conclude, The significance of Guanxi. With foreign trade in China totalling US$509. 77 billion in 2001, and with investments from over 180 countries ( REUVID, J) differences in culture, business practice and perceptions will become evident. One subject so wide spread and intriguing that it is becoming the subject of study is Guanxi. Guanxi has two common translations they are connections and relationships (wikipedia 2007 [online]) It may be seen that Guanxi is a set of personal connections with other people by which their position or knowledge can be utilised to each other advantage. This informal favour will be reciprocated by the debtor at a future date. The two parties need not be of the same social status and repayment of the favour is returned over a period of time. Where incurring a debt in English business practise is seen as unhealthy and will result in quick trade offs to balance the books, Chinese see quick reciprocation as an unwillingness to become involved with the other party, as balancing the debt end the relationship'(BURNS 1998) Some believe Guanxi is a deep rooted fact of Chinese culture, Douglas Guthrie (1998) in his journal Declining significance of Guanxi in Chinas economic transition argues that Guanxi as an institutionally defined system i. e. a system that depends on the institutional structure of society rather than on culture that is changing in stride with the institutional changes of the reform era. The typical English interpretation of Guanxi is networking. This however does not reflect the implications that Guanxi embodies. Hammond and Lowell (2002[online]) suggest you could compare the recently published Western Social Network theory to Guanxi in three main ways. Information and sustainability: Both imply that information is essential to sustain a social system. Order and chaos: Both Guanxi and SNT characterize randomness and order as essential, though Guanxi favours certainty and trust over chaos : Change and emergence Relationships are characterized by constancy or change. Change in information flow creates change in social order. Both Guanxi and SNT offer a theory of change coupled with an ethic of sustainability where order is created by trust as a local, relative phenomena. In order to understand Guanxi you have to look at the environment in which it was conceived. China was for three decades a communist country. During the chaos of the Cultural Revolution adults and their children faced being sent to the countryside or had the constant threat of denunciation. Individuals relied on the exchange of gifts and favours among personal connections to find ways to deal with these social crises. (GUTHERIE 1998) He suggests that Guanxi and gift giving have evolved together and work along side each other. The term business as we know it today did not exist. People worked for the state meeting quotas and in return their immediate needs were accommodated by their work unit. Having good relationships with people was also a way of gaining things that were not made available to you. While a market economy emphasises marketing, financial and operational savvy, the planned economy places more importance of government relationships and Guanxi. (GULAIT and LEE 2004) Under Mao Zedong Guanxi thrived as a way of allocating investment in the absence of a market. Geoffrey Murry suggests it stems back further during periods of strong rule, imperial powers reached into the furthest corners of the Chinese empire. The exercise of this power was arbirary and brutal; the mandarin was both prosecutor and judge. A separate judiciary was never established, and hence the ordinary person never looked to the law to settle his grievances. He suggests that this tradition of looking around the law for the solution has carried on. If obligations of a person take over civic duty in order to satisfy Guanxi then is this not corruption? If one were to focus directly on Guanxi being reminisant with corruption then one would miss the positive implications Guanxi evokes. In order to educate a foreigner on Guanxi you have to look at the context in which it is used. Guanxi is not generally used to describe relationships within a family or with friends. Anthropologists and theorists alike will try and depict differences in social interaction between countries. Research by Hofstede (1988 ) into organisational culture in the international arena shows that Chinese peoples short term orientations are that of protecting face, respect for tradition and reciprocal greeting and favours. He classifies theses as Confucian dynamism. Further observations have been made to try and distinguish Chinese culture characterists. How the Chinese view time. That they do not hurry decisions negotiations take longer then in the West.

Methods Of Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Methods Of Research - Essay Example In examining the level of evidence, there is a hierarchical structure in place. This hierarchical structure is such that the highest level of evidence can be arrived at through the utility of randomized control trial (RCT). At the second level are Quasi-experiments whereby there is no random assignment of participants to treatment groups, however, treatment and the causal relationship is determined utilizing the same standards as RCTs (Penrod & Morrison, 2004). This is followed by case control studies, case series studies and expert opinion (Slade, Kuipers, & Priebe, 2002). An examination of the implications of the research methodology utilized begs a closer look at RCTs and the Phenomenological approach to research. First and foremost, randomized control trials are defined as study designs where treatments, interventions, or enrollment into different study groups are assigned by random allocation rather than by conscious decisions of clinicians or patients. The goal of RCTs is to ensure that the results obtained from a study are strictly based on the treatment administered and not a direct result of bias or other confounding variables (Philadelphia Panel, 2001). The Phenomenological approach to research, on the other hand, is one that dates back further than the advent of the experimental approach which utilizes RCTs. It is an approach that inextricably links people and the environments of which they are an integral part. Furthermore, it operates from the vantage point which dictates that by virtue of being human, we are dynamic in nature and the dete rminants of health, behavior and other attributes can be described and summarized utilizing clear and concise qualitative methods. These methods as delineated in the phenomenological approach to research offers a vehicle for exploring as well as explaining the experiences of the individuals being studied. In so doing, the data is captured utilizing phenomenological methods and are reported utilizing statistical methods designed for categorical data (Sandelowski, 1986). Qualitative and quantitative research methodology In order to fully explore the similarities and differences between RCTs and the phenomenological approach to research, it is prudent that we first make a distinction between quantitative and qualitative data. First and foremost, quantitative data can be utilized to articulate some notions that may be true when applied generally, they cannot be applied to any specific cases. For example, quantitative methods can be utilized to gather data on the number of patients who respond positively to a certain level of radiation delivered to the tumor and how those numbers compare to similar data collected over the course of several years. In so doing, the data cannot explain why the patients respond to the treatment in a positive manner or what may influence the way in which they respond. Essentially, quantitative methods are limited. As a direct result, quantitative methods prove inadequate when the nature of the research dictates that an explanation of behaviors is needed and qualitative meth ods are called to task (Sandelowski, 1986). In connecting RCTs and phenomenological research methods, with the notion